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The number of people living in cities is projected to increase by 50 per cent from 4 to 6 billion between 2016 and 2045. Much of this growth is occurring in low-income and lower middle-income countries where expansion is unplanned, informal and takes place predominantly in peri-urban areas or at city fringes.

The UN estimates that currently 4.5 billion people in the world do not have access to safely managed sanitation. Governments in developing countries are struggling to provide functional sanitation infrastructure and service provision to their citizens.

The results are a high number of people exposed to severe health and environmental risks because they are not served by the city’s sanitation systems.
The fundamental and persistent challenges in developing countries are weak or non-existent policies to guide development, lack of regulations and enforcement, fragmented institutional structures, insufficient human and financial capacity, weak frameworks for business development and limited political will.

Additionally, for a long while the approach to sanitation was looked at as the provision of toilets rather than considering a systems approach, i.e toilets, collection & transport, treatment and reuse, and this has to change.


Developing informed policies, realistic regulations and enforcement mechanisms, supporting pro-poor financing, enhancing capacities of state and non-state actors, improving governance and developing a robust monitoring & evaluation mechanism

Developing a systems approach to inclusive and city-wide sanitation. Pro-poor based planning and infrastructure provision across the sanitation chain focused around faecal sludge management

Developing capacities of local governments, utilities, Pvt. Sector, CSOs and NGOs) for improved sanitation service delivery at a city-wide level
i-san provides technical advisory, research and support services to public, private and third sector organisations.
We seek to improve organisational effectiveness and facilitate client learning through
Our expertise stretches across the very diverse systems and stakeholders delivering sanitation services.
It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data – we create the evidence to improve your programming decisions.
We build the people, not the pipes.
We strive to make data and knowledge accessible. Knowledge belongs in implementers hands, not on the shelf.
We demonstrate impact with meaningful metrics.
We problem-solve, where a project is a problem scheduled for a solution.